Special relativity, contrary to some historical descriptions, does accommodate accelerations as well as accelerating frames of reference. To correctly accommodate gravity, Einstein formulated general relativity in 1915. The theory is "special" in that it only applies in the special case where the spacetime is "flat", that is, where the curvature of spacetime (a consequence of the energy–momentum tensor and representing gravity) is negligible. The theory became essentially complete in 1907, with Hermann Minkowski's papers on spacetime. Some of the work of Albert Einstein in special relativity is built on the earlier work by Hendrik Lorentz and Henri Poincaré.
A translation sometimes used is "restricted relativity" "special" really means "special case". Until several years later when Einstein developed general relativity, which introduced a curved spacetime to incorporate gravity, the phrase "special relativity" was not used. Events that occur at the same time for one observer can occur at different times for another. Rather, space and time are interwoven into a single continuum known as "spacetime". Time and space cannot be defined separately from each other (as was previously thought to be the case). Ī defining feature of special relativity is the replacement of the Galilean transformations of Newtonian mechanics with the Lorentz transformations. It also explains how the phenomena of electricity and magnetism are related. Combined with other laws of physics, the two postulates of special relativity predict the equivalence of mass and energy, as expressed in the mass–energy equivalence formula E = m c 2 is the speed of light in vacuum. Rather than an invariant time interval between two events, there is an invariant spacetime interval. It has, for example, replaced the conventional notion of an absolute universal time with the notion of a time that is dependent on reference frame and spatial position.
They include the relativity of simultaneity, length contraction, time dilation, the relativistic velocity addition formula, the relativistic Doppler effect, relativistic mass, a universal speed limit, mass–energy equivalence, the speed of causality and the Thomas precession. Special relativity has a wide range of consequences that have been experimentally verified. Even so, the Newtonian model is still valid as a simple and accurate approximation at low velocities (relative to the speed of light), for example, everyday motions on Earth.
Today, special relativity is proven to be the most accurate model of motion at any speed when gravitational and quantum effects are negligible. Special relativity corrects the hitherto laws of mechanics to handle situations involving all motions and especially those at a speed close to that of light (known as relativistic velocities). These led to the development of the Lorentz transformations, which adjust distances and times for moving objects. Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism appeared to be incompatible with Newtonian mechanics, and the Michelson–Morley null result failed to detect the Earth's motion against the hypothesized luminiferous aether. Special relativity was described by Albert Einstein in a paper published on 26 September 1905 titled " On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies". Main article: History of special relativity
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